23–25 These sayings can be conveniently grouped together as describing various aspects of the just and the wicked. 23 Although the contrast is between the wise and the foolish, immoral action is specified; “sinful activity” (זמה) designates serious wrongdoing. The point is the moral bankruptcy of the fool, who takes his wrongdoing as lightly as a joke. This hardened cynicism is contrasted with the attitude of the intelligent person, for whom wisdom is the joy and delight; one may recall here the “playing” of Woman Wisdom to be with humankind, 8:30–31. What is true joy for the wise? According to Prov 21:15, it is doing what is right (משׁפט). 24 The question arises: just what do the wicked fear? The text does not make this explicit. One may imagine that they fear the possible loss by some evil turn of their goods and happiness. Or perhaps people they have injured will try to exact revenge. Or perhaps the doctrine of retribution might get to them after all—can they escape punishment? The “fear” is to be understood in an objective sense; these are not qualms of conscience on the part of the wicked. In any case, in the view of the collector of these sayings some unnamed fear will overtake the wicked; they cannot escape. In contrast the just will experience the assurance already expressed in Ps 37:4, “Take delight in the Lord, and he will give you the desires of your heart.” The last word in the verse can be interpreted passively, or also actively: (the Lord) will give. 25 The vivid portrayal of the effects of a violent storm is used to distinguish between the fate of the wicked and the just. The wicked simply disappear in the hurricane, but the just, thanks to a strong foundation, go on indefinitely; cf. Matt 7:24–27. 26 The pungency of the comparisons is striking; cf. also vv 4–5. The acidic effect of vinegar would seem to be the point of v 16a. The term “sluggard” (עצל) occurs almost only in this book, and it is featured in 26:13–16. The attention given to messengers is an indication of their importance; only a reliable person could serve to travel long distances and in a sense be responsible for the one who sent him; cf. 13:17; 25:13; 26:6.
Rowland E. Murphy, Proverbs, vol. 22, Word Biblical Commentary (Dallas: Thomas Nelson, 1998), 75–76.