12:1 Therefore Indicates a key transition in the letter. What follows appears in light of the preceding content of 1:18–11:36. Paul urges his audience to respond to the message of the gospel as he explained in the letter.
exhort The Greek word used here, parakaleō, describes urging or encouraging someone to do something. See note on 2 Cor 1:3.
mercies of God Refers to the undeserved kindness God shows toward sinners—one of Paul’s main themes so far in the letter.
bodies The Greek word used here, sōma, refers to the entire person.
living sacrifice This expression might indicate that believers are to continually offer themselves in service to God. It also could describe believers as dead to sin yet alive to God (Rom 6:11).
holy Indicates that the sacrifice is set apart for God. In the ot, such terminology is associated with worship in the tabernacle and temple (Exod 30:10; 40:10; Lev 6:25).
reasonable The Greek word used here, logikos, can mean “spiritual,” suggesting worship that involves the heart and mind in contrast to physical offerings and sacrifices. Alternatively, logikos could be translated as “reasonable” or “proper,” indicating worship that reflects a correct understanding of the gospel message and a rational response to it. It also might mean “true,” implying that worship is appropriate for those with a renewed mind (Rom 12:2).
service The Greek word used here, latreia, commonly refers to priestly duties in the temple (Heb 9:1, 6). Believers do not operate in a physical temple but are themselves God’s temple (1 Cor 6:19). They offer themselves because God has made them a holy priesthood (1 Pet 2:5, 9).
12:2 this age Refers to the present evil age (see note on Gal 1:4), the time prior to Christ’s return.
renewal of your mind Refers to mental conformity to the truth of God. This renewal results in a transformation in the life of the believer.
perfect will of God Describes the purpose of renewal and transformation. Israel had failed to recognize God’s will and purposes—that He was reconciling the world to Himself in Christ (2 Cor 5:19). Paul provides this instruction so that the Roman believers will not do the same.
Barry, J. D., Mangum, D., Brown, D. R., Heiser, M. S., Custis, M., Ritzema, E., … Bomar, D. (2012, 2016).
Faithlife Study Bible (Ro 12:1–2). Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press.